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Contaminated groundwater refers to the presence of hazardous or toxic chemicals and materials in groundwater, making it unusable and posing serious health, environmental, and socio-economic risks. Causes include leaks, spills, and improper disposal of oil or chemical wastes, which can seep through soil and contaminate groundwater sources. Nearby water supply wells can become polluted, forcing people to seek alternative water sources. Biological contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and pathogens, as well as naturally occurring chemicals and those from human activities, can be present. Vapor intrusion describes the movement of hazardous vapors from contaminated soil or groundwater into indoor air spaces.
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