c34dad21-f202-4484-b0f1-c3daba7104d1 Thermal Process + more complex chemistry;PV waste;module delamination 热处理+复杂的化学处理;废旧光伏组件;组件分离 Unit processes End-of-life treatment Other end-of-life services Thermal upcycling that aims to fully recover componentsincluding high-purity Si wafers. Additional thermal and chemical processes are involved, referred as “thermal recycling”. Thermal delamination separates the module by thermally decomposing the encapsulation layer between glass and solar cells. The polymeric encapsulation layer, mostly EVA, can be either pyrolyzedinto acetic acid, propane, propene, ethane, methane, and other combustible oils and gases under an inert gas environment (T1) or burned off under an oxygen environment (T2). In method T1, SolarCells Inc. first proposed recovery of Si wafers and functioning solar cells from old modules by pyrolytically decomposing EVA in an inert atmosphere in a tube furnace at about 500 °C. Prior to EVA vaporisation, the backsheet was manually peeled off. This pyrolytic delamination was also demonstrated using a fluidised bed reactor and a mufflefurnace with combustible gases recovered as heat or electricity. A peak temperature of 450–600 °C with a holding time of30 minutes to 1 hour was enough for full decomposition.Deutsche Solar and Solarworld demonstrated the thermal delaminationrecycling process for decommissioned modules in a 300 kW PV plants in Germany and Belgium. The delaminated solar cells were remanufactured into new modules and served a second life. Since 2005,the thickness of Si solar cells has been reduced to less than 200µm,making wafers more likely to break or crack during the thermal process. Cracking has been attributed to the mechanical stress caused bydecomposing gas behind the glass and the thermal deformation of the EVA at the rear. The breakage issue can be overcome either by toolmodification (e.g. additional fixed jig with grooves apart) orsimple pre-treatments (e.g. front glass cracking and rear EVA patterning) to quickly release stress generated from the decomposed gas. An optimised process could recover nearly 100%w of the tempered glass and high-purity solar grade Si. In method T2, instead of pyrolysis, EVA was combusted in an oxygen environment to provideenergy for the heating furnace. 热处理旨在完全回收包括高纯度硅晶在内的组件。还涉及额外的热和化学过程，称为“热回收”。 热分离通过热分解玻璃和太阳能电池之间的封装层来分离组件。聚合物包封层主要为EVA，在惰性气体环境(T1)下可以热解成乙酸、丙烷、丙烯、乙烷、甲烷等可燃性油类和气体，也可以在氧气环境(T2)下燃烧掉。在方法T1中，Solar Cells Inc.首次提出通过在约500°C的管式炉惰性气氛中热解分解EVA，从旧组件中回收硅晶片和功能太阳能电池。在EVA汽化之前，背板被手动剥离。用流化床反应器和马弗炉对可燃气体进行热或电回收也证明了这种热解脱层。峰值温度为450-600℃，保温时间为30分钟至1小时，足以完全分解。Deutsche Solar和Solarworld在德国和比利时的一个300 kW光伏电站中演示了退役组件的热分层回收过程。分层太阳能电池被重新制造成新的模块，并使用了第二次寿命。自2005年以来，硅太阳能电池的厚度已经减少到200µm以下，这使得晶圆在热过程中更容易破裂或开裂。开裂是由于玻璃后面分解气体引起的机械应力和后部EVA的热变形。破损问题可以通过修改工具(例如额外的固定夹具与凹槽分开)或简单的预处理(例如前玻璃开裂和后EVA图案)来克服，以快速释放分解气体产生的应力。优化后的工艺可以回收近100%的钢化玻璃和高纯度太阳级Si。在方法T2中，EVA在氧气环境中燃烧，而不是热解，为加热炉提供能量。 0 Chemical delamination. The adhesive encapsulation layer can also be dissolved in either inorganic (C1) or organic (C2) solvents to delaminate the module. In method C1, solar glass was firstly separated fromsolar cells by immersing the module in nitric acid (HNO3) for 24 hours. In method C2, Doi et al. reported successfully dissolution of EVAin trichloroethylene at 80 °C for 10 days. The chemical process canbe accelerated with ultrasonic radiation. For example, Kim and Leereported the most effective organic dissolution of EVA in O-dichlorobenzene within 30 minutes to recover damage-free solar cells. Azeumo et al. reported complete dissolution of EVA in less than60 minutes in toluene with the presence of ultrasonic radiation. Insome occasions, the organic solvents could not remove the swollen EVAremaining on the surface, hence a secondary treatment such as pyrolysis is required. This unavoidably adds complexity.In addition to the front glass, fluorine-contained backsheets must beremoved before recycling solar cells because of its toxicity. The backsheet can be peeledoff from the module at elevated temperatures, mechanically removed during scrapping, grinding or milling operations, or thermally combusted in a licensed incinerator. For glass-glass modulesand those with fluorine-free backsheet, this step is unnecessary. 化学分离。粘合剂封装层也可以溶解在无机(C1)或有机(C2)溶剂中，以使模块分层。在方法C1中，首先通过将组件浸入硝酸(HNO3) 24小时将太阳能玻璃从太阳能电池中分离出来。在方法C2中，Doi等人报道了EVA在80℃条件下在三氯乙烯中成功溶解10天。超声波辐射可以加速化学过程。例如，Kim和Lee报道了EVA在邻二氯苯中30分钟内最有效的有机溶解，以恢复无损伤的太阳能电池。Azeumo等人报道在超声波辐射下，EVA在甲苯中不到60分钟就完全溶解。在某些情况下，有机溶剂无法去除残留在表面的膨胀EVA，因此需要进行热解等二次处理。这不可避免地增加了复杂性。除前玻璃外，由于含氟后板具有毒性，在回收太阳能电池之前还必须移除后板，如图2中的星号(a)-(c)所示。背板可以在高温下从模块上剥离，在报废、研磨或碾磨操作中机械移除，或在许可的焚化炉中热燃烧。对于玻璃-玻璃组件和无氟背板的组件，无需此步骤 The described industrial process relates to the recovery of valuable materials from decommissioned photovoltaic (PV) modules. The high-purity silicon wafers and other components are recovered through a multi-step approach that includes thermal and chemical delamination treatments. These recovered materials, particularly silicon wafers and glass, are then potentially recyclable into new solar modules for a second life cycle, contributing to the sustainable use of resources in the solar energy sector. 描述的工业过程关系到从退役光伏（PV）组件中回收有价值材料。通过包括热处理和化学分层治疗在内的多步骤方法回收高纯度硅晶片和其它组件。这些回收的材料，尤其是硅晶片和玻璃，有可能重新回收制成新的太阳能模块，为第二生命周期使用，为太阳能行业的可持续资源使用做出贡献。 R6K7b4fUooc39nxE4nHcvP71n7d.png Unit process, black box None 无 None 无 None 无 None 无 None 无 Deng, R., Chang, N. L., Ouyang, Z. & Chong, C. M. A techno-economic review of silicon photovoltaic module recycling. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 109, 532–550 (2019). Deng, R., Chang, N. L., Ouyang, Z. & Chong, C. M. A techno-economic review of silicon photovoltaic module recycling. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 109, 532–550 (2019). When utilizing the provided LCA data for this industrial process, users should account for the possibility of variance in efficiency and yield due to alterations in module design and material composition over time. Special attention should be given to the separation processes, ensuring all toxic materials such as fluorinated backsheets are properly managed according to environmental regulations. The use of secondary processes such as pyrolysis may be necessary where solvent-based methods fail to remove residual EVA. Lastly, recognizing the fragility of newer, thinner Si wafers during processing is vital, as breakage can significantly impact recovery rates. 在使用提供的该工业过程LCA数据时，用户应考虑由于模块设计和材料组成随时间变化而引起的效率和产量可能存在差异。应特别注意分离过程，确保所有有毒材料如含氟背板根据环保法规适当管理。在基于溶剂的方法无法除去残留EVA时，可能需要使用二次过程如热解。最后，识别处理过程中新型更薄Si晶片的脆弱性至关重要，因为破损可能显著影响回收率。 Inventory: The internal review was done by several iteration steps concerning raw data validation, raw data documentation, representativity, completeness and consistency of modelling with regard to ISO 14040 and 14044. 清单： 内部审查通过几个迭代步骤完成，涉及原始数据验证、原始数据记录、代表性、完整性、与 ISO 14040 和 14044 有关的建模的一致性。 Tiangong LCI Data Working Group 天工LCI数据工作小组 Nan Wang, 1209824595@qq.com 王楠, 1209824595@qq.com 1209824595@qq.com 1209824595@qq.com 2023-12-18T13:48:52+08:00 2024-04-20T14:57:34.211664+08:00 00.01.005 https://lcadata.tiangong.world/showProcess.xhtml?uuid=c34dad21-f202-4484-b0f1-c3daba7104d1&version=01.00.000&stock=TianGong Tiangong LCI Data Working Group 天工LCI数据工作小组 false Free of charge for all users and uses PV Module Waste Input 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 Estimated uniform Landfill liquid Input 612.0 612.0 2448.0 306.0 Unknown derivation uniform Landfill liquid 填埋液 Hazardous Plastic Output 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 Unknown derivation uniform Hazardous plastic 危险塑料 mineral waste (ash) Output 4.3 4.3 8.6 1.4 Unknown derivation uniform Sludge Output 50.0 50.0 200.0 15.0 Unknown derivation uniform aluminium Output 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 Unknown derivation uniform Glass for recovery (shards) Output 665.0 665.0 686.0 560.0 uniform copper wire Output 2.97 2.97 3.3 2.8 uniform Copper cable 铜缆 copper wire Output 0.9 0.9 1.14 0.342 uniform Copper ribbon 铜带 Junction Box Output 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 Unknown derivation uniform silver Output 0.49 0.49 0.5 0.27 uniform Solar grade multi-Si Output 31.0 31.0 33.0 23.0 uniform Solar grade silicon and intact wafers 太阳能级硅和完整晶片 Energy, gross calorific value, in biomass, primary forest Output 1220.0 1220.0 1400.0 698.0 Unknown derivation uniform