fadccb12-8eff-48f6-994c-d719f766aa32cement production;cement, ordinary portland cement;mixed solid wastes水泥生产;水泥, 普通硅酸盐水泥;混合固废Unit processesMaterials productionOther mineralic materialsIn the burning or incineration process, the raw meal is fed from feed inlet to the preheater, and then falls into the calciner to decompose with coal combustion at 950 °C. Afterward, this decomposed materials fall into the kiln to be incinerated to form a new intermediate product–clinker over 1400 °C. This is New Suspended Preheater (NSP) technology. In 2012, there are more than 80% cement plants in China applying New Suspended Preheater (NSP) technology (CCA, 2013). In the final finishing process, cement is produced by granulating clinker, admixture and gypsum finely in cement grinding mill.在烧成或焚烧过程中，原始物料从进料口进入预热器，然后在950°C下与燃烧的煤炭分解。接下来，这些分解物料落入窑炉，在超过1400°C的高温下烧成成为新的中间产物——熟料。这就是新型悬浮式预热器技术。2012年，中国有80%以上的水泥厂应用新型悬浮式预热器技术（中国水泥协会，2013）。在最后的整理过程中，通过在水泥磨中将熟料、掺合料和石膏细磨制成水泥。23In the burning or incineration process, the raw meal is fed from feed inlet to the preheater, and then falls into the calciner to decompose with coal combustion at 950 C. Afterward, this decomposed materials fall into the kiln to be incinerated to form a new intermediate product–clinker over 1400 C. This is NSP (New Suspended Preheater) technology. In 2012, there are more than 80% cement plants in China applying NSP technology (CCA, 2013). In the final finishing process, cement is produced by granulating clinker, admixture and gypsum finely in cement grinding mill.In the burning or incineration process, the raw meal is fed from feed inlet to the preheater, and then falls into the calciner to decompose with coal combustion at 950 C. Afterward, this decomposed materials fall into the kiln to be incinerated to form a new intermediate product–clinker over 1400 C. This is NSP (New Suspended Preheater) technology. In 2012, there are more than 80% cement plants in China applying NSP technology (CCA, 2013). In the final finishing process, cement is produced by granulating clinker, admixture and gypsum finely in cement grinding mill.This data set represents the ordinary Portland cement production process using New Suspended Preheater (NSP) technology. The described cement is predominantly used in construction and infrastructure projects, such as buildings, roads, bridges, and dams. The process involves raw material preparation, incineration in a kiln with preheating and calcination stages, and final cement grinding. The cement produced has specific content limits for admixtures and gypsum as per the standards in China.该数据集代表了应用新型悬浮式预热器 (NSP) 技术的普通硅酸盐水泥生产过程。所描述的水泥主要用于建筑和基础设施项目，如建筑物、道路、桥梁和大坝。该过程涉及原材料准备、带有预热和分解阶段的窑炉焚烧，以及最终的水泥磨粉。根据中国标准，所生产的水泥对掺合料和石膏的含量有特定的限制。MDuEbxEQKoMkPbxN0mxcAyaJnbe.png“1 t P·O cement” and “1 t clinker (cl)” are both used as functional units. According to data from the China Cement Association (CCA), 2013), P·O (ordinary Portland) cement accounts for more than 50% of total cement sales. In China, the admixture content of P·O cement shall not exceed 20%, and the gypsum content shall not exceed 5%. Therefore, the functional unit of "P·O cement" can be converted into "clinker" at a ratio of 1:0.75.The system boundary includes the cement production process within the scope of the cement plant, including preparation, incineration and finishing processes. The preparation process includes the transportation of raw materials and coal, transfer from the stockyard to the mill, grinding, homogenization and storage in silos.“1 t P·O水泥”和“1 t熟料(cl)”同时被用作功能单位。根据中国水泥协会（China Cement Association（CCA），2013）的数据，P·O（普通硅酸盐）水泥占总水泥销售额的50%以上。在中国，P·O水泥的掺合料含量不得超过20%，石膏含量不得超过5%。因此，“P·O水泥”的功能单位可以按1：0.75的比例转化为“熟料”。系统边界包括水泥厂范围内的水泥生产过程，包括准备过程、焚烧过程和精加工过程。准备过程包括原材料和煤炭的运输，从堆场到磨机的转运，磨碎，均化和存储在筒仓中。LCI resultNone无None无None无None无None无Chen Li, Zuoren Nie, Suping Cui, Xianzheng Gong, Zhihong Wang, & Xiance Meng. (2014). The life cycle inventory study of cement manufacture in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 72, 204–211. Chen Li, Zuoren Nie, Suping Cui, Xianzheng Gong, Zhihong Wang, & Xiance Meng. (2014). The life cycle inventory study of cement manufacture in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 72, 204–211. Input and output data were measured on-site at 30 production lines at 18 cement plants from 2004 to 2007 and at Beijing Building Materials Group, the largest cement production company in China's Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Economic Zone in 2010.输入和输出数据是从2004年到2007年在18个水泥厂的30条生产线和2010年中国京津冀经济区最大的水泥生产公司北京建材集团现场测量的。When using this data set for LCA purposes, ensure that the system boundary definition aligns with the scope of the assessment. The conversion ratio of the functional unit of 'P·O cement' to 'clinker' of 1:0.75 must be applied when comparing the impacts of different cement products. Data users should account for regional practice where the admixture content of P·O cement does not exceed 20% and the gypsum content does not exceed 5%. The input and output data applicability should also be verified against the specific time period (2004-2007 and 2010) and geographical context (China's Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Economic Zone) provided.在使用此数据集进行生命周期评价 (LCA) 时，请确保系统边界定义与评估范围一致。比较不同水泥产品的影响时，必须应用 'P·O水泥' 至 '熟料' 的1:0.75功能单位转换比率。数据使用者应考虑区域实践，其中P·O水泥的掺合料含量不得超过20%，石膏含量不得超过5%。还应根据所提供的特定时间段（2004-2007年和2010年）以及地理环境（中国京津冀经济区）来验证输入和输出数据的适用性。Inventory: The internal review was done by several iteration steps concerning raw data validation, raw data documentation, representativity, completeness and consistency of modelling with regard to ISO 14040 and 14044.清单： 内部审查通过几个迭代步骤完成，涉及原始数据验证、原始数据记录、代表性、完整性、与 ISO 14040 和 14044 有关的建模的一致性。Tiangong LCI Data Working Group天工LCI数据工作小组#REF!, ysqsophia@gmail.comysqsophia@gmail.comysqsophia@gmail.com2024-03-19T21:18:09+08:002024-04-20T14:40:23.221573+08:0000.01.005https://lcadata.tiangong.world/showProcess.xhtml?uuid=fadccb12-8eff-48f6-994c-d719f766aa32&version=01.00.000&stock=TianGongTiangong LCI Data Working Group天工LCI数据工作小组falseFree of charge for all users and usescalcium carbonateInput1150.01150.0Limestone;<=5km, belt conveyorsLimestone;<=5km, belt conveyorssandstoneInput40.040.0Sandstone;<=40km, heavy-duty trucksSandstone;<=40km, heavy-duty trucksIron tailingsInput7.57.5Ferrous tailings;<=40km, heavy-duty trucksFerrous tailings;<=40km, heavy-duty trucksgypsumInput50.050.0Gypsum;<=60km, heavy-duty trucksGypsum;<=60km, heavy-duty trucksSlags and ashesInput177.5177.50.20.155uniformSlag, Flyash (Flyash and Furnace Slag); <= 50km, heavy-duty trucks. The range of data (0.155-0.200) is given in the literature, here the mean value is filled in and the maximum and minimum values are recorded with uncertainty. Since the data distribution is not given in the literature, the default is uniform distribution.Slag, Flyash (Flyash and Furnace Slag); <= 50km, heavy-duty trucks. The range of data (0.155-0.200) is given in the literature, here the mean value is filled in and the maximum and minimum values are recorded with uncertainty. Since the data distribution is not given in the literature, the default is uniform distribution.hard coalInput96.096.0Coal or Thermal energy;<=350 km, railways. The original data provided is 0.096 t ce or 2,814 MJ. The “ce” unit represents energy generated by burning one metric ton of coal, equivalent to the energy obtained from burning 5.2 barrels (700 kg) of oil or 890 cubic meters of natural gas, that is, 29,308 kJ.Coal or Thermal energy;<=350 km, railways. The original data provided is 0.096 t ce or 2,814 MJ. The “ce” unit represents energy generated by burning one metric ton of coal, equivalent to the energy obtained from burning 5.2 barrels (700 kg) of oil or 890 cubic meters of natural gas, that is, 29,308 kJ.ground waterInput0.1650.165Fresh water. Pumped from wells. Water recycled rate 95-99%. Usually in China, every cement production line has about more than four wells in the cement plant to pump up fresh water only for cooling the machines with few pollutants. After sterilization there are even no pollutants in the waste water to be monitored. In this paper, the consumption of ground water is only considered which could be measured by flow meters. The recycled rate of fresh water in cement production can be high up to more than 95-99%. At an average level in a whole year the total fresh water demand is about 93.7 m3/h, or 0.165 m3/t P. O cement.Fresh water. Pumped from wells. Water recycled rate 95-99%. Usually in China, every cement production line has about more than four wells in the cement plant to pump up fresh water only for cooling the machines with few pollutants. After sterilization there are even no pollutants in the waste water to be monitored. In this paper, the consumption of ground water is only considered which could be measured by flow meters. The recycled rate of fresh water in cement production can be high up to more than 95-99%. At an average level in a whole year the total fresh water demand is about 93.7 m3/h, or 0.165 m3/t P. O cement.carbon dioxide (fossil)Output605.0605.0CO2. It is noticed that only the direct CO2 emissions in the boundary of cement plant would be discussed in this paper. It is assumed that at high temperature and after long burning time, the CaCO3 and MgCO3 in the limestone should decompose completely in this paper. The amount of CO2 emissions can be concluded with the chemical composition analysis of clinker by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method in the laboratory of cement plant itself. The mass percentage of CaO and MgO to clinker is 63.55% and 3.00%. With the molecular weights of CO2, CaO and MgO, the amount of CO2 emissions from raw materials incineration is calculated to be 0.5323 tCO2/t cl. The calculation is as follows. (44/56 x 63.55% + 44/40 x 3.00%)x1 = 0.5323 tCO2=tcl. The mass percentage of carbon to coal is 51.36% with the chemical composition analysis in the cement laboratory. The consumptions of coal are 0.146 t/t cl. With the molecular weights of CO2 and C, the amounts of CO2 emissions due to coal combustion are calculated to be 0.2749 t/t cl. The calculation is as follows. 44/12 x 51.36% x 0.146 = 0.2749 tCO2/tcl. Then, the total CO2 emissions are added to be 0.807 t/t cl or 0.605 t/t P. O cement in the whole cement manufacturing.CO2. It is noticed that only the direct CO2 emissions in the boundary of cement plant would be discussed in this paper. It is assumed that at high temperature and after long burning time, the CaCO3 and MgCO3 in the limestone should decompose completely in this paper. The amount of CO2 emissions can be concluded with the chemical composition analysis of clinker by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method in the laboratory of cement plant itself. The mass percentage of CaO and MgO to clinker is 63.55% and 3.00%. With the molecular weights of CO2, CaO and MgO, the amount of CO2 emissions from raw materials incineration is calculated to be 0.5323 tCO2/t cl. The calculation is as follows. (44/56 x 63.55% + 44/40 x 3.00%)x1 = 0.5323 tCO2=tcl. The mass percentage of carbon to coal is 51.36% with the chemical composition analysis in the cement laboratory. The consumptions of coal are 0.146 t/t cl. With the molecular weights of CO2 and C, the amounts of CO2 emissions due to coal combustion are calculated to be 0.2749 t/t cl. The calculation is as follows. 44/12 x 51.36% x 0.146 = 0.2749 tCO2/tcl. Then, the total CO2 emissions are added to be 0.807 t/t cl or 0.605 t/t P. O cement in the whole cement manufacturing.sulfur dioxideOutput0.07450.07450.1130.036uniformSO2. The primary source of SO2 emissions is the chemical reactions of the sulfur content of raw materials and coal in the cement kiln. Cui and Li designed an on-line monitoring system which can measure pollution such as the SO2 emissions and to control the cement manufacturing safely with environmental benefit and energy is saving.SO2. The primary source of SO2 emissions is the chemical reactions of the sulfur content of raw materials and coal in the cement kiln. Cui and Li designed an on-line monitoring system which can measure pollution such as the SO2 emissions and to control the cement manufacturing safely with environmental benefit and energy is saving.Nitrogen oxidesOutput1.1651.1651.650.68uniformNOx. In this paper NOx is defined the total concentration of NO and NO2 and is presented by NO2 according to international standards. The high temperature and oxidizing atmosphere required for cement manufacturing in the incineration process are favorable for NOx formation. In the calciner and kiln, NOx emissions are formed by fuel combustion.NOx. In this paper NOx is defined the total concentration of NO and NO2 and is presented by NO2 according to international standards. The high temperature and oxidizing atmosphere required for cement manufacturing in the incineration process are favorable for NOx formation. In the calciner and kiln, NOx emissions are formed by fuel combustion.particles (> PM10)Output0.0950.095PM. In this paper, the PM emissions in cement production are from six processes as follows. I, the process of uploading, smashing, transferring, and stroraging of raw materials. II, the process of uploading, gringding, transferring, and stroraging of coal. III, the process of gringding of raw meal. IV, the process of incinerating, cooling, smashing, transferring, and stroraging of clinker. V, the process of drying and grinding of admixtures and gypsum. VI, the gringding, transferring, and stroraging of cement. In this study, there are 189 spots equipped to capture the PM including Electro-static Precipitators (ESP) and bag filters in cement plant. The concentration of PM emissions are measured by monitors equipped besides the outlets of dedust machines. The results in operation condition must be transferred to be standard condition with standard temperature and pressure. The type of particles is not given, so here we use >PM10 to represent.PM. In this paper, the PM emissions in cement production are from six processes as follows. I, the process of uploading, smashing, transferring, and stroraging of raw materials. II, the process of uploading, gringding, transferring, and stroraging of coal. III, the process of gringding of raw meal. IV, the process of incinerating, cooling, smashing, transferring, and stroraging of clinker. V, the process of drying and grinding of admixtures and gypsum. VI, the gringding, transferring, and stroraging of cement. In this study, there are 189 spots equipped to capture the PM including Electro-static Precipitators (ESP) and bag filters in cement plant. The concentration of PM emissions are measured by monitors equipped besides the outlets of dedust machines. The results in operation condition must be transferred to be standard condition with standard temperature and pressure. The type of particles is not given, so here we use >PM10 to represent.2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxinOutput3.32e-063.32e-06Dioxin (PCDD/FS), where the original unit of DIOXIN is written as NG I-Teq/M3.Dioxin (PCDD/FS), where the original unit of DIOXIN is written as NG I-Teq/M3. No specific substance is given. Here we use 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to represent dioxins.hydrogen chlorideOutput0.00020530.0002053HClHClnon-methane volatile organic compoundsOutput0.00030470.0003047NMVOCNMVOCfluorideOutput0.00022940.0002294F(fluoride)F(fluoride)arsenic (v)Output1.751e-051.751e-0527.47.62uniformAs. Heavy metal particlesAs. Heavy metal particlescadmiumOutput2.855e-062.855e-064.571.14uniformCd. Heavy metal particlesCd. Heavy metal particleschromiumOutput8.78e-068.78e-0616.041.52uniformCr. Heavy metal particlesCr. Heavy metal particlesmercuryOutput7.41e-077.41e-070.910.572uniformHg. Heavy metal particlesHg. Heavy metal particlesNickel, ionOutput1.712e-051.712e-0525.19.14uniformNi. Heavy metal particlesNi. Heavy metal particlesleadOutput4e-064e-066.861.14uniformPb. Heavy metal particlesPb. Heavy metal particlesZinc, ionOutput7.775e-067.775e-0613.951.6uniformZn. Heavy metal particlesZn. Heavy metal particlescopperOutput1.33e-061.33e-061.521.14uniformCu. Heavy metal particlesCu. Heavy metal particlescement, ordinary portland cementOutput1000.01000.0P. O cementP. O cement